Head and Neck Cancer

What is Head and Neck Cancer?

Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) encompasses a diverse group of malignancies that arise in the head and neck region, including the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, and salivary glands. These cancers are predominantly squamous cell carcinomas, originating from the mucosal surfaces in these areas. The global incidence of head and neck cancers is significant, with varying prevalence depending on geographic and socio-economic factors. Major risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly for oropharyngeal cancers. Early symptoms of HNC may include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, a lump in the neck, and unexplained weight loss. However, these signs can often be overlooked or mistaken for benign conditions, leading to late diagnosis in many cases.

The treatment of head and neck cancer is complex and typically involves a multi-disciplinary approach. This may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The choice of treatment is influenced by various factors, including the cancer's location, stage, and the patient's overall health. Advances in surgical techniques and radiation therapy have improved the ability to preserve function and appearance, which is particularly important in this anatomically complex and cosmetically sensitive area. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for head and neck cancer varies widely based on the cancer type, stage at diagnosis, and individual patient factors. Recent developments in immunotherapy and targeted therapies are providing new hope for improved outcomes. Early detection and prevention, primarily through reducing exposure to known risk factors, remain critical components in reducing the burden of this disease.

What is Ear, Nose and Throat?

Ear, Nose and Throat; It includes hearing, speech, nose and sinus, balance disorders, diagnosis and treatment of throat diseases, head and neck cancers and surgery of tumoral structures in this region. Ear-related diseases; Tinnitus, earwax, fluid accumulation in the ear, external auditory canal inflammation, acute middle ear inflammation, hearing loss. In addition, ENT specialist deals with problems such as ear tumors, ear pain, ear discharge, ear bleeding. Upper respiratory and digestive tract or digestive tract diseases and problems related to the structure of the larynx are also included in the scope of the Otolaryngologist. This includes disorders related to voice, breathing, and swallowing. Otorhinolaryngologists intervene in infections and tumors in the head and neck structures. They are also trained for the treatment of facial trauma and facial deformities.